HAMeeD 1/2024 Report - Building Sustainable Cities and Communities

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Session 1

Mr. Iqbal Abdollah, Founder Future Ocean Borneo
Title: SDG 11 - Bintulu, Are We There Yet & The Way Forward

The speaker defines he is dive master, connecting with SDG Life Under Water. What he do was surrounding SDG 11. His role as Pengerusi Lembaga Pelawat Sekolah Tunas Bakti may connect with SDG 11. Sekolah Tunas Bakti is juvenile. All child offenders were put there.

Objective

Create awareness (keyword: No one left behind (all people))

Point View

Bintulu

Facts on Bintulu

• Including areas such as Tatau, Sebauh dan Bintulu.
• Population: 240k people are projected to live in the cities by 2030 as Bintulu is a small area. If the population 1 million, maybe not citizens of Bintulu. 5 billion people are projected to live in the cities by 2030. In Malaysia for the year 2023, about 78.72% of the country population live in the cities and by 2050, estimated about 90%. Many people have moved to the city, and the key question is whether there is enough facilities to include all of them. For example, do we have enough health facilities for the citizens?

Goals 11: To make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable

Target

a) Safe and affordable housing;
b) Affordable and sustainable transportation systems;
c) Inclusive and Sustainable Urbanization;
d) Protect the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage;
e) Reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters;
f) Reduce the environmental impacts of cities;
g) Provide access to safe and inclusive green and public spaces;
h) Strong national and regional development planning;
i) Implement policies for inclusion resource efficiency and disaster risk reduction;
j) Support least developed countries in sustainable and resilient building.

Stakeholder

To get, give and compile the data.

Stakeholders in Malaysia

a) Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa (PLAN Malaysia), DOSM, Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT)
b) PLAN Malaysia, DOSM, KPKT, Kementerian Pengangkutan Malaysia (MOT)
c) PLAN Malaysia, DOSM, KPKT, MOT, Jabatan Kerajaan Tempatan (including BDA)
d) Kementerian Pelancongan, Seni dan Budaya Malaysia (MOTAC), Jabatan Warisan Negara (Heritage), Kementerian Kewangan Malaysia (MOF)
e) Agensi Pengurusan Bencana Negara (NADMA)
f) PLAN Malaysia, KPKT, Jabatan Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara (JPSPN), Jabatan Alam Sekitar (DOE)
g) PLAN Malaysia, DOSM, KPKT, Polis DiRaja Malaysia (PDRM), Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat (KPWKM)
h) KPKT, PLAN Malaysia
i) NADMA
j) Kementerian Luar Negeri Malaysia (MFA)

Indicators

Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing
Proportion of population that has convenient access to public transport, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate
Proportion of cities with a direct participation structure of civil society in urban planning and management that operate regularly and democratically
Total per capital expenditure on the preservation, protection and conservation of all cultural and natural heritage, by source of funding (public, private), type of heritage (cultural, natural) and level of government (national, regional, and local/municipal)
Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population
Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to global domestic product (GDP)
(a) Damage to critical infrastructure and (b) number of disruptions to basic services, attributed to disasters

Bintulu

a) Description: Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities (population-weighted)
b) Achievement: PM2.5 19 - 27 micron (as of date)
c) average share of the built-up area of cities that is open space for public use for all, by sex, age, and persons with disabilities.
d) Public Spaces. Example Dewan Suarah, Esplanade Bintulu, BDA Library, Tamu Bintulu, Stadium Muhibbah, Kolam Renang Muhibbah.
e) Green Spaces example: Similaju National Park, Taman Tumbina, Tanjung Batu Beach, Bukit Tibau National Park, Lasar Kalang dan Kamping Kuala Nyalau
f) Arts and Heritage Spaces: Tugu Council Negeri, Masjid Assyakirin, Kuan Ying Tong Temple, Kampung Jepak, Lasar Kenyalang
g) Events: Bintulu International Kite Festival, Malaysia Day, SUKMA, Bintulu International Marathon

Types of Homeless

a) Social homeless (Geladangan Sosial)
b) Miskin Bandar

Way Forward

a) Bintulu Strategic Plan Development Authority 2024 - 2030 (Inclusive all, not only SDG. b) To look forward all the spaces whether it is safe, inclusive or accessible or not for people with disabilities the public spaces. c) We have first class facilities for green spaces, but mentality is still 3rd class. d) MUNRInets: All PBT to give data


Issues in Bintulu

Homeless individuals

However, Bintulu has a significant number of homeless individuals, and frequent complaints are raised about the issue. There is a need to categorize and better understand the problem, as some homeless people lack financial resources. Four agencies are actively involved in addressing homelessness in Bintulu, though finger-pointing persists, and concrete solutions are required.

Homeless individuals are commonly seen in public spaces such as the market, Park Cities, and other areas. As a result, many people are reluctant to visit these locations due to concerns over safety.

Limited opportunities

Bintulu is widely recognized as an industrial hub in Sarawak, offering job opportunities. However, at times, people may choose to leave due to a lack of further opportunities.

What Bintulu Stores for Public

Green Spaces

Bintulu has accessible green spaces, though there is a need for a shift in mentality towards utilizing them more effectively.

Places for Art and Heritage

Bintulu has facilities for art and heritage, contributing to its cultural vibrancy.

Opportunities

Free opportunities to participate in events like SUKMA.

Events

Bintulu hosts events every week, fostering community engagement and culture

BDA Project : SP 2024 - 2030

The Charter goes beyond focusing solely on SDG 11; BDA supports all the goals to promote inclusive development. BDA is dedicated to providing the resources needed to achieve these objectives. The vision encompasses inclusion for all, including individuals with disabilities (OKU).

BDA Signs MoU with UNICEF

This year, BDA signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with UNICEF for the Child-Friendly Cities Initiative, reinforcing its commitment to inclusive growth.

Conclusion

Bintulu has everything, but how do we maintain it? Is it safe to all? is it accessible. The key is maintaining and nurturing these resources for sustainable development.

Session 2

Mr. Bryan Chia, Managing Director, Eye One Recycle
Title: “EcoBrick - The Green Wall of Miri” A Green and Sustainable Project.

Climate Change and Pollution Problems

The United Nations projects that by 2030, 50% of the global population, or approximately 3.5 billion people, could face hunger. The end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022 saw devastating floods that severely impacted various sectors in Malaysia. Food prices surged following the floods, and the cost of paper doubled due to increased raw material prices. Farmers, hindered by climate change and flooding, struggled to transport goods to cities. Additionally, the price of imported rice from India rose by 30%, reflecting how climate change has not only affected Malaysia but also other countries globally.

Strategies to Increase Environmental Awareness by Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions

a) Reduce Open Burning and Single-Use Plastics (Residential Pollution, Incineration - 13%)
b) Encourage Sustainable Business Practices (Industrial Emissions - 23%)
c) Promote Green Energy Solutions (Electricity Generation - 25%)
d) Support Electric Vehicle Adoption (Transportation - 28%)
e) Reduce Beef Consumption (Agriculture - 10%)

Effects of the Changes

a) Prices increase due to climate and flood the worst 2021-2022.
b) Reduce of production for paddy (example)

Advantages of Eco Brick Project

a) Educate the adults environmental awareness b) Does not cost a single cent to make c) Involve everyone at any age, a good family activity. d) Connecting people - Write hope and wish on it. e) 1 EcoBrick averages 5 days to complete. f) 20,000 Ecobricks = 100,000 days or 273.9 years g) Tourist attraction 20,000 hopes and wishes on the wall. h) Economic impact through creating Guinness World Record title i) Can construct into permanent park, long term impact.

Why Ecobricks?

a)Tourist Attraction - Ecobricks can be used to create unique and visually appealing structures that attract visitors. b) Opportunity for Permanent Structures - Offers a sustainable and cost-effective way to build long-lasting structures. c) Positive Environmental Impact - Helps maintain a cleaner environment by reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainability. d) Long-Term Solution: Green Wall of Miri - Can be used to create innovative solutions like a "Green Wall" in Miri, contributing to urban greenery. e) Boost Economic Impact - Generates economic benefits by fostering eco-tourism and creating job opportunities. f) Encourage Longer Tourist Stays - Eco-friendly initiatives and attractions encourage tourists to spend more time exploring Sarawak.

Session 3

Dr. Tan Yee Yong, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia
Title: Sustainable Urban Infrastructures on Water-Sensitive Urban Design and Municipal Waste Management

Contents

1) Importance of Infrastructure on Sustainability of the Cities and Communities

a) Reduce the adverse effects of natural disasters.
b) Reduce the environmental impact of cities - Air quality and municipal and other waste management.
c) Implement policies for inclusion, resource efficiency and disaster risk reduction.

2) Urban Flooding
a) Heavy rainfall result in a large amount of surface runoff exceeding the capacity of the drainage system.
b) Clogged drainage caused overflow.
c) Drainage solve by Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID).

3) Environmental Protection

Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

a) Soakwell
b) Storm Water Module
c) Infiltration Trench
d) Rain Garden
e) Pervious Pavement
f) Pervious Concrete

Advantages WSUD

a) Prevent flash floods by reducing the peak flow
b) The infiltration approach is important for low-lying areas
c) The burden of stormwater conveyance channels and existing detention/retention systems
d) WSUD systems can improve the stormwater runoff quality
e) Stormwater can be used as a water source

Limitations and Constraints of WSUD

Challenges in Implementing Sustainable Stormwater Management Systems

a) Capital Costs Remain Unchanged - While sustainable systems help manage stormwater, they may not eliminate the need for traditional drainage systems to handle overflow during extreme rainfall events. b) Financial Burden of Maintenance - Maintenance of systems, such as clearing clogged infiltration media and maintaining vegetation, can pose significant financial challenges. c) Lack of Local Design Guidelines - There is a shortage of sufficient design standards tailored to the local context, particularly in developed areas, complicating post-construction and retrofit implementation. d) Need for Continuous Simulation - Continuous simulation models are required for accurate system design, as event-based calculations may not adequately capture long-term performance.

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Sustainable Cities 01.png

A complete waste reduction, collection, composting, recycling, and disposal system. Integrated solid waste management has been proposed as a completed waste management system that emphasizes reduction and recovery of waste on top of the current waste collection and disposal system.

It has become a new paradigm towards economic growth and policy structure, together with stakeholder involvement are interconnected in the effort to drive significant improvement in waste management as an engine for sustainable development. In fact, the integrated solid waste management is not a new term to Sarawak Waste Management Authorities, especially the Ministry just completed a Master Plan study back in 2019. In Malaysia, the waste generation is estimated to be 38,427 metric tonnes per day in 2021 or 1.17 kg/capita/day.

It is approximately 50% higher than the average waste generation per person per day across the world, which is 0.74 kg/capita/day. In addition, 82.5 per cent of waste produced is disposed of in landfills, where the recycling rate is always below 20%. It is much lower compared to other developed countries in Asia, for example, Singapore and Korea achieve 57% and 49%, respectively. Therefore, the reduction of waste generation and improvement on recycling rate are the primary task of integrated solid waste management.

The Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) Hierarchy

A model that evaluates all waste management steps as a whole to ensure sustainability in both environmental and economic terms1. The hierarchy consists of the following steps in descending order of preference and importance

a) Reduce - Communities are encouraged to take measures to reduce the amount of the waste generated by them. This step aims to prevent and reduce waste at the source level.
b) Reuse - This step includes materials that can be used again in their original form. To maximize the reuse opportunities for different materials, a viable reuse infrastructure such as end markets for salvaged products should be in place prior to the initiation of the process.
c) Recycle: This process reduces the need to extract raw materials from the ground or to import them. Producing metals, glass, and paper from waste materials rather than raw materials consumes far less energy and resources and generates less waste for landfill, giving further reductions in pollution.
d) Recovery: It is the process of recovery of waste without any pre-processing. For example, waste oils which cannot possibly be refined for reuse in vehicles can be burnt for energy thereby leading to energy recovery, therefore this recovery of energy reduces our dependence on coal and imported oil which are non-replenishable sources of energy.
e) Disposal: As a final step in waste management, disposal is the least preferred option when no other procedure is possible. In this step, the waste material is deposited in Ia registered landfill or incinerator for removal without energy recovery.

Sustainable Cities 02.png

Integrated Solid Waste Management can be categorized into lifecycle-based, generation-based, and management based integrated solid waste management. The lifecycle and generation-based waste management focused on the analysis and design of the materials used in the product to minimise the waste generation through the implementation of 5R approach, while the concept of management-based integrated solid waste management is more relevant to the topic.

This concept includes regulations and laws, institutions, financial mechanisms, technology and infrastructure, and role of various stakeholders in the solid waste management chain. The stakeholders under the management-based ISWM can be divided into government, community, and science and technology.

The government, which include both local and federal government departments, should establish effective regulations and financial mechanisms for the community, service provider, as well as the recycling agency in the implementation of integrated solid waste management. The community, which is the waste generators, should abide with the waste disposal regulations and proactively implement 3R approach. In contrast, the service provider of collection, transportation, and disposal and recycling agency for the waste management should adapt technological innovations to support the implementation of integrated solid waste management.

The first concept of ISWM is based on lifecycle assessment of a product from its production and consumption point of view. The reduction in consumption, and utilization of discarded products within the production system as a substitute for new resources, can lead to reduced end-of-cycle waste generation; thus, less efforts and resources would be required for the final disposal of the waste. The second concept of ISWM is based on its generation from different sources including domestic, commercial, industrial and agriculture. This waste could be further classified as hazardous and non-hazardous waste (Figure 1.2). The former has to be segregated at source and treated for disposal in accordance with the strict regulations. 3R approach (reduce, reuse and recycle) is applicable both at source as well as at the different levels of solid waste management chain including collection, transportation, treatment and disposal.

The efficiency of waste recycling is highly dependent on the waste segregation, where the reusable or recyclable waste is getting more difficult towards the end of the waste management. Therefore, it is always most cost-effective to segregate the waste at source or storage.

For example, the recyclable materials, including metals, plastics, and cardboards, and the organic food waste shall be segregated and stored in separated container for further processing. If they have been mixed together, it will increase the cost to segregate the waste through manual or automated system, which may reduce the efficiency of integrated waste management.

As for the non-recyclables materials such as polyfoam or even diapers, we may use the waste-to-energy technology such as incinerators to produce energy from these waste. Another example of WTE is to collect the methane gas generated from the landfill, which Bukit Tagar Landfill just installed such a renewable energy power plant that can produced 12 MW of electricity generation a day.

Gaps to Integrate Waste Management

a) There are still many gaps that hinders us to achieve the goal of integrated waste management. b) The first problem is that solid waste is more than household waste. c) Developing national norms and standards for waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and waste recovery. d) Setting standards for waste tariffs. e) Declaring priority wastes. f) Identifying products for the application of extended producer responsibility. g) The listing of waste management activities. h) Requesting the preparation of industry waste management plans. i) Registration of transporters of waste. j) Local government must provide waste management services, which include waste removal, storage and disposal services, as per Schedule 5B of the Constitution. k) Municipalities must work with industry and other stakeholders to extend recycling at municipal level

In order to get environmental sustainability, the implementation of integrated solid waste management with regards to the environment needs to correlate each other. The approach between economic and technology is very important because a country with good economy can afford to acquire state of the art technologies to make the process of waste management more efficient thus reducing pollution and environmental degradation. Furthermore, decision making process as well plays a pivotal role in ISWM since decision makers decides on the appropriate technologies in addressing waste management issues.

These arrays of considerations prior to any undertaking must get opinion from stakeholders with respect to public health, social and cultural dimension from the community to ensure the new technology is appropriate and there will be no potential future problems with regards to public health.

Question and Answer

Qestion 1 - How sustainable lifestyle for Bajau Laut?

Answer

Mr. Iqbal Abdollah
Masyarakat Bajau Laut adalah seperti kais pagi makan pagi. Yes, at certain time until when and they still need to purchase and get what they need to live. Do not have houses and health is not in good condition as they expose too long to vitamin D. Sustainable drop down because charges for foreign is different from local people.

For us as individual what can we do to tackle pollution?

Mr. Iqbal Abdollah
Good mentality, apa yang kita perlukan semua kita sudah ada, it’s how we manage, what we see is how we manage. Our drainage profile from small drain to bigger drain to the river to the sea. It would come back to the beach. Sekitar Marina tercemar disebabkan oleh Kuala Sungai. The mentality of the individual.

The Importance of Mentality in Addressing Pollution
We already have the resources and infrastructure we need; the real challenge lies in how we manage them and how we think about them. Unfortunately, many of us take things for granted, often discarding items carelessly. Trash thrown away irresponsibly often ends up in small drains, flows into bigger drains, and eventually finds its way to rivers or the sea. This is evident in the large amount of waste accumulating at places like Marina and Jepak. However, it’s not fair to label Miri and Bintulu as polluted when beaches further from river mouths are often much cleaner.

The root of the problem lies in our mentality. We’ve become complacent, relying too much on authorities like BDA (Bintulu Development Authority) and MCC (Miri City Council) to clean up after us, instead of taking personal responsibility for our environment. To truly solve this issue, we need to shift our mindset and adopt a more proactive and responsible approach toward waste management and environmental care.

Mr. Bryan Chia Sak Chan
It’s the mentality of the people, solving problems by doing awareness through the Eco Brick Project. People from rural had been used to the way the dispose of the waste the old way until plastic comes in. 80 percent of our paper is from recycle paper. Don’t use single use item, if use, please ensure the correct dispose.

In 2019, 30% of our waste consisted of plastic, with 19% being single-use plastics. The growing reliance on single-use items highlights a critical need for change. Recycling should not be treated as a mere hobby but as a fundamental part of education, emphasizing the importance of mentality in waste management.

Efforts like beach cleaning events and initiatives such as Ecobricks help educate students and the community about sustainability. MCC (Miri City Council) has actively engaged the public through meetings to address these issues. Historically, in the 1950s, there were no landfills because plastic waste wasn’t as prevalent. Today, while plastic is valued for being inexpensive and durable, it was never intended for single-use purposes but for long-term applications.

Countries like Australia have adopted more sustainable practices, with 80% of their paper made from recycled materials. To tackle plastic pollution, we must stop open burning and reduce single-use plastics. Factories producing 1 ton of single-use plastic are contributing to a waste crisis that requires urgent action to prioritize reusable and sustainable alternatives.

Dr. Tan Yee Yong
Sustainability we enjoy it now but now in the future, we do it now or it affect our young generation or future generation. We must truly understand the meaning of sustainability and embrace it in our daily lives. If we fail to act now, the consequences will inevitably catch up with us in the future. Sustainability is not just a concept but a responsibility to ensure a balanced and thriving environment for generations to come.

Question 2 - Seeing the water design, where place in Sarawak has the design.

Answer

Mr. Iqbal Abdollah
In miri the use of a retention pond help to collect the rainwater and not burden the drainage system. Need space to implement this initiative. Anyone of you have been to golf coast. All water gets to the pond if rain. The principle is there but the cost is expensive.

Challenges for decision maker to:
a) In Miri, the main challenges to sustainability efforts are financial constraints and the time required for implementation.
b) Bintulu have advantages to implement this ( Dr Tan)

Question 3 - Can you describe in one word in Bintulu

Answer
Mr. Iqbal Abdollah: Yes
Mr. Bryan Chia Sak Chan: We would achieve by end of this year.
Dr. Tan Yee Yong: We should do it now.